An incremental optimization methodology for evaluating the potential of photovoltaic and battery energy storage-based energy communities: A hybrid agrivoltaic-agroforestry case study in the Czech Republic

Successful energy transition and climate action require accurately dimensioned local renewable energy systems. This study develops a deterministic techno-economic model and an incremental optimisation methodology to evaluate photovoltaic, agrivoltaic and battery storage technologies within energy communities. A 100-member community is simulated using hourly load profiles and both PVGIS-based and real agrivoltaic–agroforestry generation data. Under the NPV=MAX criterion, battery storage is not economically viable and photovoltaic installations reach 17–26% energy self-sufficiency. Under the NPV= 0 criterion, optimal agrivoltaic capacity increases by 60–100%, battery storage becomes deployable, and self-sufficiency rises to 27–45%. Avoided GHG emissions increase from 73.6 tCO₂/year under the NPV-maximisation objective to 122.7 tCO₂/year under the NPV = 0 (break-even) configuration in the simulated 100-member community, clearly demonstrating the environmental benefit of self-sufficiency-oriented sizing. The strong divergence between both optimisation objectives demonstrates that investment intent fundamentally shapes the technical, economic and environmental outcomes of community energy systems. These findings underscore the need for robust pre-project sizing tools to design effective, resilient and low-carbon local energy solutions.